BIOENGINEERING RESEARCH GRANTS Release Date: October 29, 1998 PA NUMBER: PAR-99-009 P.T. National Cancer Institute National Center for Research Resources National Eye Institute National Human Genome Research Institute National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institute on Aging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institute of Dental Research National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institute of Nursing Research National Library of Medicine PURPOSE Participating Institutes and Centers (ICs) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) invite applications for Bioengineering Research Grants (BRG) to support basic bioengineering research whose outcomes are likely to advance health or health-related research within the mission of the NIH. A BRG application should propose to apply basic bioengineering design-directed or hypothesis-driven research to an important medical or biological research area. In parallel with this program announcement (PA), NIH is issuing a PA for Bioengineering Research Partnerships (BRP). BRP applications differ from BRG applications in that they will be funded as R24 awards that support an interdisciplinary group of Partners who work together applying an integrative, multidisciplinary, systems approach to a significant area of basic bioengineering research. HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000 The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of "Healthy People 2000," a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. This PA, Bioengineering Research Grants (BRG), is related to all priority areas. Potential applicants may obtain a copy of "Healthy People 2000" (Full Report: Stock No. 017-001-00474-0 or Summary Report: Stock No. 017-001- 00473-1) through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (Tel: 202-512-1800). ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS Applications may be submitted by domestic and foreign, for-profit and non-profit organizations, public and private, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, laboratories, units of State and local governments, and eligible agencies of the Federal government. Racial/ethnic minority individuals, women, and persons with disabilities are encouraged to apply as principal investigators. MECHANISM OF SUPPORT The mechanism of support will be the research project grant (R01). Responsibility for the planning, direction, and execution of the proposed project will be solely that of the applicant. The total requested project period may not exceed five years and applicants should apply for the length of time appropriate for the work proposed, typically three to five years. An applicant planning to submit an application requesting $500,000 or more in direct costs for any year is advised that he or she must contact IC program staff, listed under INQUIRIES, before submitting the application, i.e., as plans for the study are being developed. Furthermore, the applicant must obtain agreement from IC staff that the IC will accept the application for consideration for award. Finally, the applicant must identify, in a cover letter sent with the application, the staff member and IC who agreed to accept assignment of the application. This policy requires an applicant to obtain agreement for acceptance of both any such application and any subsequent amendment. Refer to the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, March 20, 1998 (http://www.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not98-030.html). RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Background Bioengineering brings a perspective that is valuable for many of today's biological problems. Bioengineering integrates principles from a diversity of fields. The creativity of interdisciplinary teams is resulting in new basic understanding, novel products and innovative technologies. Bioengineering also crosses the boundaries of academia, science, medicine, and industry. Recognizing the increasing importance of bioengineering in public health, NIH established the Bioengineering Consortium (BECON) as a central focus for NIH bioengineering research. BECON organized a two-day Bioengineering Symposium on February 27-28, 1998. A summary of the presentations and the conclusions of the panels are included in the full report, which is available on the Internet at http://www.nibib.nih.gov/. The discussions and recommendations of symposium participants aided in the formulation of the BRP and BRG PAs. For example, both the BRP and BRG PAs recognize that applications for bioengineering projects are often focused on technology development rather than on proving or disproving a scientific hypothesis. Therefore, the NIH review criteria for bioengineering proposals in response to these PAs have been modified to ensure that these proposals are evaluated appropriately and fairly. Objectives and Scope The objective of this program announcement is to encourage research in basic bioengineering areas. Bioengineering is defined as follows: Bioengineering integrates physical, chemical, or mathematical sciences and engineering principles for the study of biology, medicine, behavior, or health. It advances fundamental concepts, creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems level, and develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants, devices, and informatics approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, for patient rehabilitation, and for improving health. Areas of Bioengineering Research for a BRG Applications for BRG awards should focus on an area of bioengineering research where progress is likely to make a significant contribution to improving human health. It is likely that these areas will be of interest to many ICs. For example, materials science may be relevant to the ultimate development of artificial organs and thus a research initiative in materials science would be of interest to many ICs even though it is not clear at the outset which organ or which IC will benefit from advances in the field. Similarly, bioinformatics may provide analysis and modeling tools for large sets of biological data, facilitate home-based devices, and create networks to help manage chronic diseases. Imaging may be applied to monitoring of cellular processes, elucidation of developmental processes in the organism, identification and localization of disease, developing virtual reality training tools, and monitoring therapeutic interventions. Micro- and nano-fabrication and fluidics may be applied to creating in vivo sensors, biochemical analysis systems, imaging systems, and surgical devices. Bioengineering areas of particular relevance to the mission of ICs are identified below. This list is not intended to be exclusive. Bioengineering Research Areas o Biomechanics o Bioprocessing o Bioelectrics, Ion Channels, and Organ Function o Clinical Medicine, Therapeutics and Drug Delivery o Combinatorial Approaches to Chemistry, Materials, Genes, and Therapeutics o Functional Genomics including Microarray Technology, Integrated Systems, and Analysis Tools o Imaging o Nanotechnology o Informatics and Computational Methods o Medical Implants, Biomembranes, Sensors and Devices o Complex Biological Systems o Organ Culture Systems and Organogenesis o Rehabilitation, Prostheses o Cell and Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials o Tissue Regeneration o Integrative Physiology o Drug Bioavailability INCLUSION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES IN RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS It is the policy of the NIH that women and members of minority groups and their sub-populations must be included in all NIH supported medical and behavioral research projects involving human subjects, unless a clear and compelling rationale and justification are provided that inclusion is inappropriate with respect to the health of the subjects of the purpose of the research. This policy results from the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 (Section 492B of Public Law 103-43). All investigators proposing research involving human subjects should read the "NIH Guidelines for Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research", which have been published in the Federal Register of March 28, 1994 (FR 59 14508-14513) and the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, Vol. 23, No. 11, March 18, 1994 (http://www.nih.gov/grants/guide/1994/94.03.18/notice-nih-guideline008.html). Investigators may obtain copies from these sources or from the program staff listed under INQUIRIES. Program staff may also provide additional relevant information concerning the policy. NIH POLICY AND GUIDELINES ON THE INCLUSION OF CHILDREN AS PARTICIPANTS IN RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS It is the policy of NIH that children (i.e., individuals under the age of 21) must be included in all human subjects research, conducted or supported by the NIH, unless there are scientific and ethical reasons not to include them. This policy applies to all initial (Type 1) applications submitted for receipt dates after October 1, 1998. All investigators proposing research involving human subjects should read the "NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Children as Participants in Research Involving Human Subjects" that was published in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, March 6, 1998, and is available at the following URL address: http://www.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not98-024.html. Investigators may obtain copies from these sources or from the program staff listed under INQUIRIES who may also provide additional relevant information concerning the policy. APPLICATION PROCEDURES Applicants are strongly encouraged to contact program staff listed under INQUIRIES early in application development with any questions regarding the responsiveness of their proposal to the goals of this PA. An applicant may suggest in a cover letter the IC or ICs believed to be most appropriate to support the proposed research. Applications are to be submitted on the grant application form PHS 398 (rev. 5/95) and will be accepted on the standard receipt dates indicated in the application kit. Application kits are available at most institutional offices of sponsored research and may be obtained from the Division of Extramural Outreach and Information Resources, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Drive, MSC 7910, Bethesda, MD 20892-7910, Tel: (301) 710-0267, email: [email protected]. The PHS 398 application kit is also available on the Internet at http://www.nih.gov/grants/funding/funding.htm. Follow the PHS 398 instructions for "Preparing Your Application" with modifications and additions as described in the sections below. Annual Meeting. Each year, the NIH will convene a meeting of the PIs of the BRPs and BRGs to share substantive results, to help the NIH to maintain a view of the advances in these fields and have an opportunity for collective problem solving. The cost for the PI to participate in the annual meeting may be built into the BRG budget. Research Plan. A. Specific Aims. Describe the specific aims in the selected area of bioengineering research. The proposed design principle(s) or hypothesis(-es) must be clearly defined. If possible, include the expected applications of the bioengineering research that will improve human health or health-related research. One page is recommended. B. Background and Significance. Briefly describe the area of bioengineering research that is the focus of the BRG. Critically evaluate existing knowledge and approaches that have been or are being directed in the area and specifically describe how the BRG approach will advance the field. State concisely the importance and health relevance of the proposed research to the Specific Aims. C. Preliminary Studies and Rationale. Preliminary studies are not required for BRG applications, but applicants with preliminary results should describe them. In the absence of preliminary results, applicants should describe the rationale, scientific and engineering basis for the proposal. D. Research Design and Methods. A BRG should focus on a significant area of bioengineering research where advances are likely to affect human health or health-related research. If the proposed BRG research is closely related to ongoing research, explain how the research activities of the BRG will complement but not overlap existing research. Provide a tentative sequence or timetable for the project. Include how the data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted. The number and title of this program announcement must be typed in Section 2 on the face page of the application and the YES box must be checked. Submit a signed, typewritten original of the application, including the Checklist, and appendices, and five signed photocopies in one package to: CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC REVIEW NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 6701 ROCKLEDGE DRIVE, ROOM 1040 - MSC 7710 BETHESDA, MD 20892-7710 BETHESDA, MD 20817 (for express/courier service) REVIEW CONSIDERATIONS Upon receipt, applications will be reviewed for completeness by the NIH Center for Scientific Review (CSR). Incomplete applications will be returned to the applicant without further consideration. Applications that are complete will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by Scientific Review Groups (SRGs) of the CSR. As part of the initial merit review, all applications may be subjected to standard NIH streamlined review procedures; nevertheless, each application will receive a written critique. Review criteria The NIH review criteria have been adapted to ensure that a BRG application is evaluated appropriately. The score should reflect the overall impact that the BRG award could have on the selected area of bioengineering research based on consideration of the five criteria, with the emphasis on each criterion varying from one application to another, depending on the nature of the application and its relative strengths. Note that an application need not be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact and thus deserve a high priority score. For example, an investigator may propose to carry out important work that by its nature is not innovative but is essential to move a field forward. The review criteria are: (1) Significance. If the Specific Aims of the BRG are achieved, will they provide significant advances in the selected area of bioengineering research? Is the research likely to have a significant impact on other areas of research? (2) Approach. Are the BRG approaches and methods adequately developed, well integrated, and appropriate to the aims of the project? Does the applicant acknowledge potential problem areas and consider alternative tactics? (3) Innovation. Does the BRG propose new approaches or explore new research paradigms or new concepts that will affect bioengineering, basic or clinical sciences? Are extant approaches or concepts applied to new scientific problems in novel ways? (4) Investigators. Are the PI and key personnel appropriately trained in their disciplines and capable of conducting the proposed research? (5) Environment. Does the scientific and technological environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Does the proposed research take advantage of unique features of the scientific environment or employ useful collaborative arrangements? Is there evidence of other support that will contribute to the success of the research? In addition to these five review criteria, applicants must demonstrate adequate provisions for the protection of human and animal subjects, the safety of the research environment, and conformance with the "NIH Guidelines for the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research," and "NIH Policy And Guidelines On The Inclusion Of Children As Participants In Research Involving Human Subjects." AWARD CRITERIA Applications will compete for available funds with all other approved applications. The following will be considered in making funding decisions: o Quality of the proposed research as determined by peer review o Availability of funds o Institute's priority for area of proposed research INQUIRIES The opportunity to clarify any issues or questions regarding an application is welcome. Questions regarding BRG scientific issues, management issues, or issues on cores related to participating ICs may be directed to: NCI Carol Dahl, Ph.D. National Cancer Institute Building 31, Room 11A03, MSC 2590 Bethesda, MD 20892-2590 Telephone: (301) 496-1550 FAX: (301) 496-7807 Email: [email protected] NCRR Richard Dubois, Ph.D. Biomedical Technology National Center for Research Resources 6705 Rockledge Drive, Room 61060, MSC 7965 Bethesda, MD 20892-7965 Telephone: (301) 435-0755 FAX: (301) 480-3659 Email: [email protected] NEI Lore Anne McNicol, Ph.D. National Eye Institute 6120 Executive Boulevard, Suite 350, MSC 7164 Bethesda, MD 20892-7164 Telephone: (301) 496-5301 FAX: (301) 402-0528 Email: [email protected] NHGRI Jeffery A. Schloss, Ph.D. Division of Extramural Research National Human Genome Research Institute Building 38A, Room 614, MSC 7531 Bethesda, MD 20892-6050 Telephone: (301) 496-7531 FAX: (301) 480-2770 Email: [email protected] NHLBI John T. Watson, Ph.D. Acting Deputy Director National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 9000 Rockville Pike, Room 5A49 Bethesda, MD 20892 Telephone: (301) 496-1078 FAX: (301) 402-3686 Email: [email protected] NIA Evan Hadley, M.D. Geriatrics National Institute on Aging Gateway Building, Suite 3E327, MSC 9205 Bethesda, MD 20892-9205 Telephone: (301) 435-3044 FAX: (301) 402-1784 Email: [email protected] NIAAA Jules Selden, D.V.M., Ph.D. Division of Basic Research National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 402, MSC 7003 Bethesda, MD 20892-7003 Telephone: (301) 443-2678 FAX: (301) 594-0673 Email: [email protected] NIAID Vicki Seyfert, Ph.D. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 6003 Executive Boulevard, Room 4A21 Rockville, MD 20852 Telephone: (301) 496-7551 FAX: (301) 402-2571 Email: [email protected] NIAMS James S. Panagis, M.D., M.P.H. Musculoskeletal Diseases Branch National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases 6500 Center Drive, Room 5AS-37K Bethesda, MD 20892-6500 Telephone: (301) 594-5055 FAX: (301) 480-4543 Email: [email protected] NICHD Louis A. Quatrano, Ph.D. National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Building 61E, Room 2A03 Bethesda, MD 20892-7510 Telephone: (301) 402-2242 FAX: (301) 402-0832 Email: [email protected] NIDA Thomas G. Aigner, Ph.D. Division of Basic Research National Institute on Drug Abuse Parklawn Building, Room 10A-19 Rockville, MD 20857 Telephone: (301) 443-6975 FAX: (301) 594-6443 Email: [email protected] NIDCD Lynn E. Huerta, Ph.D. Division of Human Communication National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 400-C, MSC 7180 Bethesda, MD 20892-7180 Telephone: (301) 402-3458 FAX: (301) 402-6251 Email: [email protected] NIDDK Joan T. Harmon, Ph.D. Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 45 CENTER DRIVE, Room 5AN-18G MSC 6600 BETHESDA, MD 20892-6600 Telephone: (301) 594-8808 FAX: (301) 480-3503 E-mail: [email protected] NIDR Eleni Kousvelari Division of Extramural Research National Institute of Dental Research Natcher Building, Room 4AN 18A, MSC 6402 Bethesda, MD 20892-6402 Telephone: (301) 594-2427 FAX: (301) 480-8318 Email: [email protected] NIEHS Jose Velazquez, Ph.D. Division of Extramural Research Training National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences P.O. Box 12233, MSC EC-21 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Telephone: (919) 541-4998 FAX: (919) 541-2860 Email: [email protected] NIGMS Warren Jones, Ph.D. Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biological Chemistry National Institute of General Medical Sciences 45 Center Drive, Room 2AS-43H, MSC 6200 Bethesda, MD 20892-6200 Telephone: (301) 594-5938 FAX: (301) 480-2802 Email: [email protected] NIMH Michael F. Huerta, Ph.D. Division of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Research National Institute of Mental Health Parklawn Building, Room 11-103 Rockville, MD 20857 Telephone: (301) 443-3563 FAX: (301) 443-1731 Email: [email protected] NINDS William Heetderks, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Stroke, Trauma, and Neurodegenerative Disorders National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Federal Building, Room 8A13 Bethesda, MD 20892-9155 Telephone: (301) 496-9155 FAX: (301) 402-1501 Email: [email protected] NINR Hilary D. Sigmon, Ph.D., RN Division of Extramural Activities National Institute of Nursing Research 45 Center Drive, Room 3AN12, MSC 6300 Bethesda, MD 20892-6300 Telephone: (301) 594-5970 FAX: (301) 480-8260 Email: [email protected] NLM Peter Clepper Program Officer National Library of Medicine 6705 Rockledge Drive, Suite 301 Bethesda, MD 20871 Telephone: (301) 594-4882 FAX: (301) 402-2952 Email: [email protected] Questions on fiscal issues may be directed to: NCI Bill Wells Grants Administration Branch National Cancer Institute 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 243, MSC 7150 Bethesda, MD 20892-7150 Telephone: (301) 496-7800 FAX: (301) 496-8601 Email: [email protected] NCRR Joellen Harper Office of Grants Management National Center for Research Resources 6705 Rockledge Drive, Room 6086, MSC 7965 Bethesda, MD 20892-7965 Telephone: (301) 435-0836 FAX: (301) 402-1951 Email: [email protected] NEI Carolyn E. Grimes Grants Management Officer National Eye Institute 6120 Executive Boulevard, Suite 350, MSC 7164 Bethesda, MD 20892-7164 Telephone: (301) 496-5884 FAX: (301) 402-0528 Email: [email protected] NHGRI Jean Cahill Grants Management Officer National Human Genome Research Institute Building 38A, Room 613, MSC 6050 Bethesda, MD 20892-6050 Telephone: (301) 402-0733 FAX: (301) 402-1951 Email: [email protected] NHLBI William Darby Grants Management Officer National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 6701 Rockledge Drive, Suite 7128 Bethesda, MD 20892 Telephone: (301) 435-0177 FAX: (301) 480-3310 Email: [email protected] NIA Joseph Ellis Grants and Contracts Management Officer National Institute on Aging Gateway Building, Suite 2N212 Bethesda, MD 20892 Telephone: (301) 496-1472 FAX: (301) 402-3672 Email: [email protected] NIAAA Linda Hilley Grants Management Officer National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 504 Bethesda, MD 20892-7003 Telephone: (301) 443-4704 FAX: (301) 443-3891 Email: [email protected] NIAID Linda Shaw Grants Management Branch National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 6003 Executive Boulevard, Room 4B-31 Rockville, MD 20850 Telephone: (301) 402-6611 FAX: (301) 480-3780 Email: [email protected] NIAMS Irene Grissom Grants Management Branch National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases 6500 Center Drive, Room 5AS-43J Bethesda, MD 20892-6500 Telephone: (301) 594-3507 FAX: (301) 480-5450 Email: [email protected] NICHD Mary Ellen Colvin Grants Management Branch National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Building 61E, Room 8A17 Bethesda, MD 20892-7510 Telephone: (301) 496-1303 FAX: (301) 402-0915 Email: [email protected] NIDA Gary Fleming, J.D., M.A. Grants Management Branch National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 Telephone: (301) 443-6710 FAX: (301) 594-6847 Email: [email protected] NIDCD Sharon Hunt Grants Management Branch National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 400-C, MSC 7180 Bethesda, MD 20892-7180 Telephone: (301) 402-0909 FAX: (301) 402-1758 Email: [email protected] NIDDK Nancy Dixon Grants Management Officer National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 45 Center Drive, Room 6AS49K, MSC 6600 Bethesda, MD 20892-6600 Telephone: (301) 594-8854 FAX: (301) 480-4237 Email: [email protected] NIDR Kevin Crist Division of Extramural Research National Institute of Dental Research Natcher Building, Room 4AS 55 Bethesda, MD 20892-6402 Telephone: (301) 594-4800 FAX: (301) 480-8301 Email: [email protected] NIEHS David Mineo Division of Extramural Research and Training National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O. Box 12233, MSC EC-21 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Telephone: (919) 541-1373 FAX: (919) 541-2860 Email: [email protected] NIGMS Antoinette Holland Grants Management Specialist National Institute of General Medical Sciences 45 Center Drive, Room 2AN-50B, MSC 6200 Bethesda, MD 20892-6200 Telephone: (301) 594-5132 FAX: (301) 480-2554 Email: [email protected] NIMH Diana S. Trunnell Grants Management Branch National Institute of Mental Health Parklawn Building, Room 7C-08 Rockville, MD 20857 Telephone: (301) 443-2805 FAX: (301) 443-6885 Email: [email protected] NINDS Brenda Kibler Grants Management Specialist National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Federal Building, Room 1004 Bethesda, MD 20892 Telephone: (301) 496-9231 FAX: (301) 402-0219 Email: [email protected] NINR Jeff Carow Division of Extramural Activities National Institute of Nursing Research 45 Center Drive, Room 3AN12, MSC 6300 Bethesda, MD 20892-6300 Telephone: (301) 594-6869 FAX: (301) 480-8260 Email: [email protected] NLM Dwight Mowery Extramural Programs National Library of Medicine 6705 Rockledge Drive, Suite 301 Bethesda, MD 20871 Telephone: (301) 496-4221 FAX: (301) 402-2952 Email: [email protected] AUTHORITY AND REGULATIONS This program is described in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Nos. 93.394, 93.395, 93.396, 93.306, 93.867, 93.172, 93.837, 93.838, 93.839, 93.866, 93.273, 93.855, 93.856, 93.846, 93.864, 93.865, 93.929, 93.279, 93.173, 93.121, 93.847, 93.848, 93.849, 93.113, 93.821, 93.859, 93.862, 93.242, 93.853, 93.854, 93.361, and 93.879. Awards are made under authorization of the Public Health Service Act, Title IV, Part A (Public Law 78-410, as amended by Public Law 99-158, 42 USC 241 and 285). Awards will be administered under PHS grants policies and Federal Regulations 42 CFR Part 52 and 45 CFR Part 74 and Part 92. This program is not subject to the intergovernmental review requirements of Executive Order 12372 or Health Systems review. The PHS strongly encourages all grant and contract recipients to provide a smoke- free workplace and promote the non-use of all tobacco products. In addition, Public Law 103-227, the Pro-Children Act of 1994, prohibits smoking in certain facilities (or, in some cases, any portion of a facility) in which regular or routine education, library, day care, health care or early childhood development services are provided to children. This is consistent with the PHS mission to protect and advance the physical and mental health of the American people.
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