It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the Research Instructions for the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, except where instructed to do otherwise (in this FOA or in a Notice from the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts). Conformance to all requirements (both in the Application Guide and the FOA) is required and strictly enforced. Applicants must read and follow all application instructions in the Application Guide as well as any program-specific instructions noted in Section IV. When the program-specific instructions deviate from those in the Application Guide, follow the program-specific instructions. Applications that do not comply with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.

Part 1. Overview Information
Part 2. Full Text of the Announcement

Section I. Funding Opportunity Description
Section II. Award Information
Section III. Eligibility Information
Section IV. Application and Submission Information
Section V. Application Review Information
Section VI. Award Administration Information
Section VII. Agency Contacts
Section VIII. Other Information

Areas supported by this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) include research to generate and conduct preliminary tests of targeted addiction treatment to address multiple substances, which may include alcohol, tobacco and other drug dependence. Treatment targets, including behavioral, neurobiological, social, psychological and cognitive/ affective are essential to assessment and treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). In line with an experimental therapeutics approach, targets are the processes by which substance use disorders are maintained, and the primary focus of the treatment that is developed, refined and/or adapted. Target engagement and validation occur when treatment exacts change on the specified target and when target engagement leads to and/or correlates with symptom reduction outcomes, respectively. Because these target domains are important in terms of assessment and treatment of addiction, and the fact that they have been shown to be malleable in response to treatment, this FOA will encourage studies to capitalize on the opportunities to develop novel treatments with coordinated referents across target and measurement domains. Treatments that incorporate target domains with pharmacological and/or behavioral interventions may help to improve treatment efficacy, retention, relapse prevention and long-term outcome.

This FOA seeks to stimulate research on the improved efficacy of substance use disorder treatment with an emphasis on data replicability across two phases of development: Phase I will include, and replicate, initial findings of target engagement obtained via an R21 study (with clear and specific milestones); and to assess the relationship between target engagement and changes in functional outcomes or clinical symptoms. Phase II will conduct replication studies of substance use disorder treatment across a minimum of 2 settings. This latter phase will facilitate applications (R33) that focus on clinical trials.

This FOA is part of an NIH initiative known as Collaborative Research on Addiction at NIH (CRAN; http://addictionresearch.nih.gov/ ). The mission of the CRAN is to provide a strong collaborative framework to enable the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to integrate resources and expertise to advance addiction research and public health outcomes.

High rates of co-occurring substance use disorders contribute to excess morbidity and mortality, and also are associated with poorer long-term clinical outcomes. Although various combinations of behavioral and pharmacological treatments have been shown to be effective, relapse rates among individuals with substance use disorders remain high. Several factors have been implicated that largely account for these high rates. One in particular is the idea that many existing treatments often fail to capitalize on important target domains that have been linked to substance use disorder (i.e., multiple substances) outcomes including behavioral, neurobiological, social, psychological and cognitive/ affective. These target domains and their underlying neurocircuitry play a critical role in the initiation and onset of substance use disorders (including course of treatment, treatment drop-out, relapse, and clinical outcomes), thereby making these target candidates an essential part of assessment and treatment of substance use disorders.

As conceptualized by a mechanism-focused, experimental therapeutics model, targets are the processes by which substance use disorders are maintained, and the primary focus of the treatment that is developed, refined and/or adapted. Target engagement is essential when evaluating the extent to which the treatment under study exacts change on the specified target. In order to ensure accuracy, it is equally important to validate that the target actually leads to and/or correlates with symptom reduction outcomes. Because these target domains are important in terms of assessment and treatment of addiction, and the fact that they have been shown to be malleable in response to treatment, opportunities exist to develop novel treatments with coordinated referents across target and measurement domains. Treatments that incorporate target domains with pharmacological and/or behavioral interventions may help to improve treatment efficacy, retention, relapse prevention and long-term outcome. An explicit focus on targets also may help to better evaluate and measure changes that correspond to clinically meaningful reductions in substance use or abuse. For example, perhaps improvements in cognitive or sensory deficits may result in decreases in drug use behaviors; changes in risk-taking propensity or greater task persistence also may result in reductions in drug use.

Greater treatment specificity among individuals with substance use disorders is essential in order to move beyond main effects on abstinence rates and better integrate and improve treatment efficiency treatment response-rate results. These fundamental improvements are primed to be facilitated through a mechanism-focused, experimental medicine approach; whereby, identification and engagement of a target through experimentation or treatment, and testing the degree to which target engagement produce the desired behavior change. Additionally, these efforts set the stage for target data to be replicated.

This FOA provides support for applications designed to (a) generate novel treatments and refine existing treatments and (b) conduct preliminary tests of novel and improved behavioral, pharmacological, and combined treatments for individuals with substance use disorders (multiple substances including alcohol, tobacco and drug dependence) by examining the mechanisms of addiction as putative treatment targets. Specifically, this FOA facilitates projects that employ an experimental therapeutic approach to treatment development with an emphasis on data replicability. As an example, the Stage model of treatment development provides an overarching framework to guide this phased innovation research (additional background on the "Stages" of behavioral treatment development are located in this FOA: https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-16-072.html). With regard to the R21 phase, Stage I encompasses all activities related to the creation of a new treatment, or the modification, adaptation, or refinement of an existing treatment (Stage IA), as well as feasibility and pilot testing (Stage 1B). Stage I may involve translational basic to applied (sometimes referred to as T1 ) research. Stage I also may involve the modification or adaptation of treatments for greater treatment efficiency and ease of implementation in real-world settings. An equally important goal is to obtain scientific knowledge of the mechanisms of action or putative targets that lead to behavior change. Stage I research is iterative and may involve: 1) identifying promising basic or clinical scientific findings relevant to the development or refinement of a treatment; 2) generating/ formulating theories relevant to treatment development and putative change mechanisms; 3) operationally defining, and standardizing new or modified principle-driven interventions; 4) initial or pilot testing of the treatment; 5) experimentally testing the mechanisms and principles of behavior change of the treatment; and 6) as necessary, further refining the treatment. This approach requires the identification of a theory-derived target based on putative mechanisms of addiction among individuals with substance use disorders, and clear hypotheses about how an intervention directed at changing the target can lead to clinical benefits. Research in the R33 phase is analogous to Stage II and III studies. Consistent with an experiment therapeutics model, target refers to a disorder-maintaining process, which the treatment seeks to modify; target engagement occurs when a treatment in fact modifies this process; target validation occurs when target engagement leads to (or at least correlates with) symptom reduction outcomes; and mechanism of action (how the intervention works) encompasses both target engagement and target validation. Under this FOA, pilot trials should be designed so that results, whether positive or negative, will provide compelling information used to support decisions about further development and large-scale testing of the treatment.

This FOA seeks to stimulate research on the improved efficacy of substance use disorder treatment with an emphasis on data replicability across two phases of development: Phase I (R21 for up to two years) will include, and replicate, initial findings of target engagement obtained via an R21; and assess the relationship between target engagement and changes in functional outcomes or clinical symptoms (i.e., proof-of-principle). This is followed by up to 3 years of support for Phase II (R33) to address data replication. Specifically, Phase II will conduct replication studies of substance use disorder treatment across a minimum of 2 treatment settings. This latter phase will facilitate applications that focus on clinical trials.

This FOA encourages applications that focus on early-stage, treatment generation and pilot clinical trials that are consistent with an experimental therapeutic approach. This approach requires the identification of a theory-derived target based on empirical evidence of mechanisms of addiction in individuals with multiple substance use, including alcohol tobacco and other drug abuse. Additionally, this approach requires clear hypotheses about how a treatment directed at changing the target can lead to clinical benefits. The target of a treatment is the hypothesized mechanism by which it modifies functional outcomes. Under this FOA, pilot trials should be designed or tested so that results, whether positive or negative, will provide information of high utility to the field and support decisions about further development of the treatment. In other words, projects should have built-in milestones that provide go/no-go parameters as measured by clinically significant changes. For example, in order to proceed from the R21 phase, there must be target engagement of 20% (i.e., clinically significant change from baseline) in 50% of the sample. Adaptation of interventions with demonstrated efficacy should be undertaken only when justified by a compelling rationale supported by empirical evidence, and where there is a hypothesized target that will be tested within an experimental framework.

The phased approach supported by this FOA also facilitates more rapid translation by moving promising treatment approaches into pilot studies without requiring an additional grant application, provided that investigators meet the agreed-upon milestones during the R21 phase. Cross-disciplinary research teams may be necessary for successful translation of basic science to clinical application.

Although the R21/R33 mechanism does not require extensive preliminary data, successful applications will propose a theoretically-justified model and empirical support for the mechanism involved in triggering or maintaining the disorder, and a scientific rationale for the proposed treatment target. Rigorous tests of a target require objective, quantifiable, reproducible measures of target engagement, at behavioral and/or biological levels. These can include measures of structural (e.g., PET) as well as functional (e.g., behavioral task performance, fMRI circuit activation) target engagement. Additionally, measures can include laboratory tasks that have been previously validated as reflecting underlying behavioral, psychological or neural mechanisms (e.g., go-no-go tasks to measure impulse control, reaction-time to the dot-probe task to measure cognitive attention bias, temporal discount rates to measure self-regulation). Measures of target engagement should be scientifically justified and be as objective and direct as is feasible. Self-report measures can add useful information in a multi-method/multi-measure design that is set to demonstrate construct and convergent validity.

This FOA provides support for up to two years (R21 phase) for preliminary, proof-of-principle studies, that is, studies designed to identify treatment targets, develop the initial protocol, demonstrate target engagement, and explore initial feasibility. This initial phase is followed by up to three years of support (R33 phase) for data replication studies of substance use disorder treatment across a minimum of 2 treatment settings.

Phase I (R21)

The R21 phase focuses on treatment generation or refinement during which investigators (1) identify a treatment target based on empirical evidence of a mechanism of addiction, or mechanism of change for a proposed intervention, (2) generate a preliminary intervention protocol, (3) begin to demonstrate that the intervention alters the targeted mechanism (thus providing an initial proof-of-principle), and (4) provide preliminary evidence that the treatment can be applied in a clinical population with adequate acceptability and tolerability. Appropriate activities for the R21 phase may include identification of optimal parameters of the intervention to demonstrate change in the treatment target or mechanism; determination of optimal dose (e.g., level of intensity, session frequency and duration); and/or develop and validate measures to demonstrate sensitivity to change in the target or hypothesized mechanism.

Applicants who already have sufficient preliminary data to progress to the R33 phase should apply directly to the companion FOA PAR-16-352.

Examples of applications seeking to generate and test novel substance use disorder treatments include, but are not limited to:

• Research aimed at identifying novel targets (e.g., cognitive or sensory deficits, working memory, delay discounting, and/or task persistence) and generating treatments designed to modify these targets. This includes preliminary testing to determine if there is target engagement.
• Novel treatments designed to work as a stand-alone to address substance abuse comorbidities
• Boost the efficacy to existing interventions
• Promote adherence to existing efficacious treatment
• Research aimed at identifying neurobiological targets (e.g., receptor deficits, dopamine depletion) and generating behavioral and/or pharmacological treatments designed to modify these targets
• Research aimed at identifying targets and generating technology-based treatment designed to modify these targets (i.e., preliminary testing to determine if there is target engagement)
• Measure substance use behavior and the identified target in real time and enable the individual to access a technology-based treatment in real time to substance use and abuse
• Research to determine whether the treatment engages the intended target and the extent to which a minimum dose is needed before treatment is effective

Phase II (R33)

Funding for the R33 phase is contingent on demonstrating target engagement and initial feasibility in Phase I (R21). The R33 phase supports pilot testing of treatments for which the elements of proof-of-principle have been demonstrated with sufficient target engagement to justify the proposed pilot study.

The R33 phase is expected to replicate and extend the initial target engagement findings from the R21 phase, and inform the design and implementation of a larger scale study of promising treatments. Research activities in the R33 phase should include further testing of target engagement by testing whether the treatment could cause the hypothesized changes in the target across a minimum of two treatment settings. Phase II focuses solely on data replication. Additional pilot work may include (1) further refining initial manipulations of targeted mechanisms; (2) standardizing the treatment; (3) developing a set of assessment and monitoring procedures designed to assess and sustain the fidelity in which the targets of the treatment are engaged; (4) further testing feasibility, safety and acceptability of the treatment; (5) testing the association between a change in the target and subsequent outcomes; and (6) evaluating the feasibility of recruitment, retention, and assessments. Phase II studies are expected to have sufficient power to conduct a strong test of efficacy.

Notes on Priorities

Applicants are strongly encouraged to propose projects related to multiple substances, which may include polysubstance use or abuse. Consistent with the overall goals of the CRAN initiative, such projects will receive programmatic priority over projects focused on a single substance.

Applications should address a theoretical rationale for relevant treatment targets to understand the treatment of substance use, and the hypothesized ways in which these target mechanisms are modulated throughout the course of treatment.

While the testing of targeted treatments may be done in randomized clinical trials, other methodologies may be used as appropriate (e.g., adaptive designs, multiphase optimization strategies, stepped wedge designs).

See Section VIII. Other Information for award authorities and regulations.

NIH grants policies as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement will apply to the applications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA.

Higher Education Institutions

• Public/State Controlled Institutions of Higher Education
• Private Institutions of Higher Education

The following types of Higher Education Institutions are always encouraged to apply for NIH support as Public or Private Institutions of Higher Education:

o Hispanic-serving Institutions

o Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)

o Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs)

o Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions

o Asian American Native American Pacific Islander Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs)

Nonprofits Other Than Institutions of Higher Education

• Nonprofits with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institutions of Higher Education)
• Nonprofits without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institutions of Higher Education)

For-Profit Organizations

• Small Businesses
• For-Profit Organizations (Other than Small Businesses)

Governments

• State Governments
• County Governments
• City or Township Governments
• Special District Governments
• Indian/Native American Tribal Governments (Federally Recognized)
• Indian/Native American Tribal Governments (Other than Federally Recognized)
• Eligible Agencies of the Federal Government
• U.S. Territory or Possession

Other

• Independent School Districts
• Public Housing Authorities/Indian Housing Authorities
• Native American Tribal Organizations (other than Federally recognized tribal governments)
• Faith-based or Community-based Organizations
• Regional Organizations
• Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entities (Foreign Institutions)

Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entities (Foreign Institutions) are eligible to apply.
Non-domestic (non-U.S.) components of U.S. Organizations are eligible to apply.
Foreign components, as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, are allowed.

Applicant Organizations

Applicant organizations must complete and maintain the following registrations as described in the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide to be eligible to apply for or receive an award. All registrations must be completed prior to the application being submitted. Registration can take 6 weeks or more, so applicants should begin the registration process as soon as possible. The NIH Policy on Late Submission of Grant Applications states that failure to complete registrations in advance of a due date is not a valid reason for a late submission.

• Dun and Bradstreet Universal Numbering System (DUNS) - All registrations require that applicants be issued a DUNS number. After obtaining a DUNS number, applicants can begin both SAM and eRA Commons registrations. The same DUNS number must be used for all registrations, as well as on the grant application.
• System for Award Management (SAM) (formerly CCR) Applicants must complete and maintain an active registration, which requires renewal at least annually. The renewal process may require as much time as the initial registration. SAM registration includes the assignment of a Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Code for domestic organizations which have not already been assigned a CAGE Code.
• NATO Commercial and Government Entity (NCAGE) Code Foreign organizations must obtain an NCAGE code (in lieu of a CAGE code) in order to register in SAM.
• eRA Commons - Applicants must have an active DUNS number and SAM registration in order to complete the eRA Commons registration. Organizations can register with the eRA Commons as they are working through their SAM or Grants.gov registration. eRA Commons requires organizations to identify at least one Signing Official (SO) and at least one Program Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) account in order to submit an application.
• Grants.gov Applicants must have an active DUNS number and SAM registration in order to complete the Grants.gov registration.

Program Directors/Principal Investigators (PD(s)/PI(s))

All PD(s)/PI(s) must have an eRA Commons account. PD(s)/PI(s) should work with their organizational officials to either create a new account or to affiliate their existing account with the applicant organization in eRA Commons. If the PD/PI is also the organizational Signing Official, they must have two distinct eRA Commons accounts, one for each role. Obtaining an eRA Commons account can take up to 2 weeks.

Any individual(s) with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research as the Program Director(s)/Principal Investigator(s) (PD(s)/PI(s)) is invited to work with his/her organization to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support.

For institutions/organizations proposing multiple PDs/PIs, visit the Multiple Program Director/Principal Investigator Policy and submission details in the Senior/Key Person Profile (Expanded) Component of the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.

This FOA does not require cost sharing as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.

Applicant organizations may submit more than one application, provided that each application is scientifically distinct.

The NIH will not accept duplicate or highly overlapping applications under review at the same time. This means that the NIH will not accept:

• A new (A0) application that is submitted before issuance of the summary statement from the review of an overlapping new (A0) or resubmission (A1) application.
• A resubmission (A1) application that is submitted before issuance of the summary statement from the review of the previous new (A0) application.
• An application that has substantial overlap with another application pending appeal of initial peer review (see NOT-OD-11-101).

Buttons to access the online ASSIST system or to download application forms are available in Part 1 of this FOA. See your administrative office for instructions if you plan to use an institutional system-to-system solution.

It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the Research Instructions for the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, including Supplemental Grant Application Instructions except where instructed in this funding opportunity announcement to do otherwise. Conformance to the requirements in the Application Guide is required and strictly enforced. Applications that are out of compliance with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.

For information on Application Submission and Receipt, visit Frequently Asked Questions Application Guide, Electronic Submission of Grant Applications.

Although a letter of intent is not required, is not binding, and does not enter into the review of a subsequent application, the information that it contains allows IC staff to estimate the potential review workload and plan the review.

By the date listed in Part 1. Overview Information, prospective applicants are asked to submit a letter of intent that includes the following information:

• Descriptive title of proposed activity
• Name(s), address(es), and telephone number(s) of the PD(s)/PI(s)
• Names of other key personnel
• Participating institution(s)
• Number and title of this funding opportunity

The letter of intent should be sent to: NIDALetterofIntent@mail.nih.gov

Applicants are encouraged to send the letter of intent by email to the email address above but as an alternative the letter may also be sent to:

Office of Extramural Policy and Review
National Institute on Drug Abuse/NIH/DHHS
6001 Executive Boulevard, Suite 4243, MSC 9550
Bethesda, MD 20892-9550

The letter of intent should be sent to:

All page limitations described in the SF424 Application Guide and the Table of Page Limits must be followed.

The following section supplements the instructions found in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide and should be used for preparing an application to this FOA.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed. The R33 phase should focus on replication studies of addiction treatment across 2 or more clinical sites. Specifically, clinical trials that apply the target in a treatment setting (development, refinement, and/or adaptation) to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a larger trial.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed, with the following additional instructions:

Research Strategy: Applicants must include an operational definition and objective, valid measures of the putative intervention target (change mechanism). All applicants should provide a compelling scientific rationale for any measures proposed to assess the link between the hypothesized mechanism/target and clinical effect guided by an experimental therapeutics framework.

Applicants should delineate how the intervention approach is grounded in empirical evidence of disorder, mechanism of treatment effect, or mediators and moderators of treatment response. For studies of pharmacological interventions, a clear description should be included of the approach for determining pharmacological dose\response relationships and target engagement of the drug candidate.

Applicants should justify the need for the R21 phase. The applicant should specify conditions under which they would not proceed to the R33 phase.

Applications should outline clear and detailed milestones that provide go/no-go parameters as measured by clinically significant changes. For example, in order to proceed from the R21 phase, there must be target engagement of 20% (i.e., clinically significant change from baseline) in 50% of the sample. The clarity and completeness of the R21/R33 application with regard to specific goals and feasibility milestones are critical. Phased Innovation applications must include milestones that are expected to be achieved by the end of the R21 phase.

Applicants proposing adaptation of interventions with demonstrated efficacy should describe a compelling rationale supported by empirical evidence, and a hypothesized target that will be tested within an experimental framework.

The R33 design should allow for a demonstration of target engagement and change of the target in the hypothesized direction. In addition, applicants should propose concrete indicators of feasibility across sites and data to set the stage for larger clinical trials of efficacy.

Completeness and accuracy in terms of protocols, specific goals and milestones are critical. Milestones representing clearly defined aims for the R33 phase should be feasible, well developed and quantifiable with regard to the specific aims. A feasible timeline also should be proposed. Feasible plans for sample size and timely recruitment should be delineated. As appropriate, a clear strategy for tracking recruitment and facilitating retention should be proposed.

Resource Sharing Plan: Individuals are required to comply with the instructions for the Resource Sharing Plans as provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, with the following modification:

All applications, regardless of the amount of direct costs requested for any one year, should address a Data Sharing Plan.

Appendix: Do not use the Appendix to circumvent page limits. Follow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.

When conducting clinical research, follow all instructions for completing PHS Inclusion Enrollment Report as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.

All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed.

Foreign (non-U.S.) institutions must follow policies described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, and procedures for foreign institutions described throughout the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.

See Part 1. Section III.1 for information regarding the requirement for obtaining a unique entity identifier and for completing and maintaining active registrations in System for Award Management (SAM), NATO Commercial and Government Entity (NCAGE) Code (if applicable), eRA Commons, and Grants.gov

Part I. Overview Information contains information about Key Dates and times. Applicants are encouraged to submit applications before the due date to ensure they have time to make any application corrections that might be necessary for successful submission. When a submission date falls on a weekend or Federal holiday, the application deadline is automatically extended to the next business day.

Organizations must submit applications to Grants.gov (the online portal to find and apply for grants across all Federal agencies). Applicants must then complete the submission process by tracking the status of the application in the eRA Commons, NIH’s electronic system for grants administration. NIH and Grants.gov systems check the application against many of the application instructions upon submission. Errors must be corrected and a changed/corrected application must be submitted to Grants.gov on or before the application due date and time. If a Changed/Corrected application is submitted after the deadline, the application will be considered late. Applications that miss the due date and time are subjected to the NIH Policy on Late Application Submission.

Applicants are responsible for viewing their application before the due date in the eRA Commons to ensure accurate and successful submission.

Information on the submission process and a definition of on-time submission are provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.

This initiative is not subject to intergovernmental review.

All NIH awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.

Pre-award costs are allowable only as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.

Applications must be submitted electronically following the instructions described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide. Paper applications will not be accepted.

Applicants must complete all required registrations before the application due date. Section III. Eligibility Information contains information about registration.

For assistance with your electronic application or for more information on the electronic submission process, visit Applying Electronically. If you encounter a system issue beyond your control that threatens your ability to complete the submission process on-time, you must follow the Guidelines for Applicants Experiencing System Issues. For assistance with application submission, contact the Application Submission Contacts in Section VII.

Important reminders:

All PD(s)/PI(s) must include their eRA Commons ID in the Credential field of the Senior/Key Person Profile Component of the SF424(R&R) Application Package. Failure to register in the Commons and to include a valid PD/PI Commons ID in the credential field will prevent the successful submission of an electronic application to NIH. See Section III of this FOA for information on registration requirements.

The applicant organization must ensure that the DUNS number it provides on the application is the same number used in the organization’s profile in the eRA Commons and for the System for Award Management. Additional information may be found in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.

See more tips for avoiding common errors.

Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness and compliance with application instructions by the Center for Scientific Review, NIH. Applications that are incomplete or non-compliant will not be reviewed.

Applicants are required to follow our Post Submission Application Materials policy.

Only the review criteria described below will be considered in the review process. As part of the NIH mission, all applications submitted to the NIH in support of biomedical and behavioral research are evaluated for scientific and technical merit through the NIH peer review system.

For this particular announcement, note the following:

The R21/R33 phased innovation grant supports investigation of novel scientific ideas or new interventions, model systems, tools, or technologies that have the potential for significant impact on biomedical or behavioral and social sciences research. An R21/R33 grant application need not have preliminary data, extensive background material or preliminary information; however, they may be included if available. Appropriate justification for the proposed work can be provided through literature citations, data from other sources, or, when available, from investigator-generated data. Accordingly, reviewers will focus their evaluation on the conceptual framework, the level of innovation, and the potential to significantly advance our knowledge or understanding. Reviewers will assign a single impact score for the entire application, which includes both the R21 and R33 phases.

Reviewers will provide an overall impact score to reflect their assessment of the likelihood for the project to exert a sustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in consideration of the following review criteria and additional review criteria (as applicable for the project proposed).

Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria below in the determination of scientific merit, and give a separate score for each. An application does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a project that by its nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field.

Does the project address an important problem or a critical barrier to progress in the field? Is there a strong scientific premise for the project? If the aims of the project are achieved, how will scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice be improved? How will successful completion of the aims change the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field?

Are the PD(s)/PI(s), collaborators, and other researchers well suited to the project? If Early Stage Investigators or those in the early stages of independent careers, do they have appropriate experience and training? If established, have they demonstrated an ongoing record of accomplishments that have advanced their field(s)? If the project is collaborative or multi-PD/PI, do the investigators have complementary and integrated expertise; are their leadership approach, governance and organizational structure appropriate for the project?

Does the application challenge and seek to shift current research or clinical practice paradigms by utilizing novel theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions? Are the concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions novel to one field of research or novel in a broad sense? Is a refinement, improvement, or new application of theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions proposed?

Are the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses well-reasoned and appropriate to accomplish the specific aims of the project? Have the investigators presented strategies to ensure a robust and unbiased approach, as appropriate for the work proposed? Are potential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success presented? If the project is in the early stages of development, will the strategy establish feasibility and will particularly risky aspects be managed? Have the investigators presented adequate plans to address relevant biological variables, such as sex, for studies in vertebrate animals or human subjects?

Is the need for the R21 phase justified? Does the R21 application include valid (or procedures to develop and validate) measures of target identification and engagement, and are the proposed methods appropriate to determine milestones for taking the intervention a step further to the pilot study? Is the treatment approach grounded in empirical evidence, putative mechanism of treatment effects, or mediators and moderators of treatment response? Is the study proposed in the R33 phase designed to measure the prospective association between target engagement and clinical outcomes? Will the results of the proposed study provide information that will inform the design and implementation of a larger efficacy trial if the intervention looks promising?

Milestones and Timeline: R21 Milestones:

Are quantitative criteria pre-specified and rigorously defined to assess milestone achievement and operational feasibility relevant to advancing from the R21 to the R33 phase? Are R21 milestones feasible, well developed and quantifiable with regard to the specific aims of each stage?

Are the milestones clear and detailed, and do they provide go/no-go parameters as measured by clinically significant changes (for example, in order to proceed from the R21 phase, there must be target engagement of 20%, i.e., clinically significant change from baseline in 50% of the sample)? Is the timeline feasible? Specifically, will the investigators and NIH Program Officials be able to determine if the project succeeded in (a) demonstrating that the treatment alters the targeted mechanism (thus providing an initial proof of principle), and (b) providing preliminary evidence that the treatment can be applied in a clinical population with adequate acceptability and tolerability to patients?

Does the application specify conditions under which they would not proceed to the R33 phase?

Milestones and Timeline: R33 Phase:

Are appropriate, evaluative milestones clearly defined for the aims associated with the R33 phase? Are R33 milestones feasible, well developed and quantifiable with regard to the specific aims? Is the timeline feasible? Are the plans for sample size and timely recruitment of subjects feasible? Is there a clear strategy for tracking recruitment and facilitating retention?

If the project involves human subjects and/or NIH-defined clinical research, are the plans to address 1) the protection of human subjects from research risks, and 2) inclusion (or exclusion) of individuals on the basis of sex/gender, race, and ethnicity, as well as the inclusion or exclusion of children, justified in terms of the scientific goals and research strategy proposed?

Will the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Are the institutional support, equipment and other physical resources available to the investigators adequate for the project proposed? Will the project benefit from unique features of the scientific environment, subject populations, or collaborative arrangements?

As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will evaluate the following additional items while determining scientific and technical merit, and in providing an overall impact score, but will not give separate scores for these items.

For research that involves human subjects but does not involve one of the six categories of research that are exempt under 45 CFR Part 46, the committee will evaluate the justification for involvement of human subjects and the proposed protections from research risk relating to their participation according to the following five review criteria: 1) risk to subjects, 2) adequacy of protection against risks, 3) potential benefits to the subjects and others, 4) importance of the knowledge to be gained, and 5) data and safety monitoring for clinical trials.

For research that involves human subjects and meets the criteria for one or more of the six categories of research that are exempt under 45 CFR Part 46, the committee will evaluate: 1) the justification for the exemption, 2) human subjects involvement and characteristics, and 3) sources of materials. For additional information on review of the Human Subjects section, please refer to the Guidelines for the Review of Human Subjects.

When the proposed project involves human subjects and/or NIH-defined clinical research, the committee will evaluate the proposed plans for the inclusion (or exclusion) of individuals on the basis of sex/gender, race, and ethnicity, as well as the inclusion (or exclusion) of children to determine if it is justified in terms of the scientific goals and research strategy proposed. For additional information on review of the Inclusion section, please refer to the Guidelines for the Review of Inclusion in Clinical Research.

The committee will evaluate the involvement of live vertebrate animals as part of the scientific assessment according to the following criteria: (1) description of proposed procedures involving animals, including species, strains, ages, sex, and total number to be used; (2) justifications for the use of animals versus alternative models and for the appropriateness of the species proposed; (3) interventions to minimize discomfort, distress, pain and injury; and (4) justification for euthanasia method if NOT consistent with the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. Reviewers will assess the use of chimpanzees as they would any other application proposing the use of vertebrate animals. For additional information on review of the Vertebrate Animals section, please refer to the Worksheet for Review of the Vertebrate Animal Section.

Reviewers will assess whether materials or procedures proposed are potentially hazardous to research personnel and/or the environment, and if needed, determine whether adequate protection is proposed.

For Resubmissions, the committee will evaluate the application as now presented, taking into consideration the responses to comments from the previous scientific review group and changes made to the project.

Not Applicable

For Revisions, the committee will consider the appropriateness of the proposed expansion of the scope of the project. If the Revision application relates to a specific line of investigation presented in the original application that was not recommended for approval by the committee, then the committee will consider whether the responses to comments from the previous scientific review group are adequate and whether substantial changes are clearly evident.

As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will consider each of the following items, but will not give scores for these items, and should not consider them in providing an overall impact score.

Reviewers will assess whether the project presents special opportunities for furthering research programs through the use of unusual talent, resources, populations, or environmental conditions that exist in other countries and either are not readily available in the United States or augment existing U.S. resources.

Reviewers will assess the information provided in this section of the application, including 1) the Select Agent(s) to be used in the proposed research, 2) the registration status of all entities where Select Agent(s) will be used, 3) the procedures that will be used to monitor possession use and transfer of Select Agent(s), and 4) plans for appropriate biosafety, biocontainment, and security of the Select Agent(s).

Reviewers will comment on whether the following Resource Sharing Plans, or the rationale for not sharing the following types of resources, are reasonable: (1) Data Sharing Plan; (2) Sharing Model Organisms; and (3) Genomic Data Sharing Plan (GDS).

For projects involving key biological and/or chemical resources, reviewers will comment on the brief plans proposed for identifying and ensuring the validity of those resources.

Reviewers will consider whether the budget and the requested period of support are fully justified and reasonable in relation to the proposed research.

Applications will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group(s) convened by Center of Scientific Review in accordance with NIH peer review policy and procedures, using the stated review criteria. Assignment to a Scientific Review Group will be shown in the eRA Commons.

As part of the scientific peer review, all applications:

• May undergo a selection process in which only those applications deemed to have the highest scientific and technical merit (generally the top half of applications under review) will be discussed and assigned an overall impact score.
• Will receive a written critique.

Applications will be assigned on the basis of established PHS referral guidelines to the appropriate NIH Institute or Center. Applications will compete for available funds with all other recommended applications submitted in response to this FOA. Following initial peer review, recommended applications will receive a second level of review by the appropriate national Advisory Council or Board. The following will be considered in making funding decisions:

• Scientific and technical merit of the proposed project as determined by scientific peer review.
• Availability of funds.
• Relevance of the proposed project to program priorities.

After the peer review of the application is completed, the PD/PI will be able to access his or her Summary Statement (written critique) via the eRA Commons. Refer to Part 1 for dates for peer review, advisory council review, and earliest start date.

Information regarding the disposition of applications is available in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.

If the application is under consideration for funding, NIH will request "just-in-time" information from the applicant as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.

A formal notification in the form of a Notice of Award (NoA) will be provided to the applicant organization for successful applications. The NoA signed by the grants management officer is the authorizing document and will be sent via email to the grantee’s business official.

Awardees must comply with any funding restrictions described in Section IV.5. Funding Restrictions. Selection of an application for award is not an authorization to begin performance. Any costs incurred before receipt of the NoA are at the recipient's risk. These costs may be reimbursed only to the extent considered allowable pre-award costs.

Any application awarded in response to this FOA will be subject to terms and conditions found on the Award Conditions and Information for NIH Grants website. This includes any recent legislation and policy applicable to awards that is highlighted on this website.

All NIH grant and cooperative agreement awards include the NIH Grants Policy Statement as part of the NoA. For these terms of award, see the NIH Grants Policy Statement Part II: Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart A: General and Part II: Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart B: Terms and Conditions for Specific Types of Grants, Grantees, and Activities. More information is provided at Award Conditions and Information for NIH Grants.

Recipients of federal financial assistance (FFA) from HHS must administer their programs in compliance with federal civil rights law. This means that recipients of HHS funds must ensure equal access to their programs without regard to a person’s race, color, national origin, disability, age and, in some circumstances, sex and religion. This includes ensuring your programs are accessible to persons with limited English proficiency. HHS recognizes that research projects are often limited in scope for many reasons that are nondiscriminatory, such as the principal investigator’s scientific interest, funding limitations, recruitment requirements, and other considerations. Thus, criteria in research protocols that target or exclude certain populations are warranted where nondiscriminatory justifications establish that such criteria are appropriate with respect to the health or safety of the subjects, the scientific study design, or the purpose of the research.

In accordance with the statutory provisions contained in Section 872 of the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act of Fiscal Year 2009 (Public Law 110-417), NIH awards will be subject to the Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity Information System (FAPIIS) requirements. FAPIIS requires Federal award making officials to review and consider information about an applicant in the designated integrity and performance system (currently FAPIIS) prior to making an award. An applicant, at its option, may review information in the designated integrity and performance systems accessible through FAPIIS and comment on any information about itself that a Federal agency previously entered and is currently in FAPIIS. The Federal awarding agency will consider any comments by the applicant, in addition to other information in FAPIIS, in making a judgement about the applicant’s integrity, business ethics, and record of performance under Federal awards when completing the review of risk posed by applicants as described in 45 CFR Part 75.205 Federal awarding agency review of risk posed by applicants. This provision will apply to all NIH grants and cooperative agreements except fellowships.

For additional guidance regarding how the provisions apply to NIH grant programs, please contact the Scientific/Research Contact that is identified in Section VII under Agency Contacts of this FOA. HHS provides general guidance to recipients of FFA on meeting their legal obligation to take reasonable steps to provide meaningful access to their programs by persons with limited English proficiency. Please see http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/civilrights/resources/laws/revisedlep.html. The HHS Office for Civil Rights also provides guidance on complying with civil rights laws enforced by HHS. Please see http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/civilrights/understanding/section1557/index.html; and http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/civilrights/understanding/index.html. Recipients of FFA also have specific legal obligations for serving qualified individuals with disabilities. Please see http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/civilrights/understanding/disability/index.html. Please contact the HHS Office for Civil Rights for more information about obligations and prohibitions under federal civil rights laws at http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/office/about/rgn-hqaddresses.html or call 1-800-368-1019 or TDD 1-800-537-7697. Also note it is an HHS Departmental goal to ensure access to quality, culturally competent care, including long-term services and supports, for vulnerable populations. For further guidance on providing culturally and linguistically appropriate services, recipients should review the National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health and Health Care at http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlid=53.

Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award

Not Applicable

When multiple years are involved, awardees will be required to submit the Research Performance Progress Report (RPPR) annually and financial statements as required in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.

A final progress report, invention statement, and the expenditure data portion of the Federal Financial Report are required for closeout of an award, as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.

The Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (Transparency Act), includes a requirement for awardees of Federal grants to report information about first-tier subawards and executive compensation under Federal assistance awards issued in FY2011 or later. All awardees of applicable NIH grants and cooperative agreements are required to report to the Federal Subaward Reporting System (FSRS) available at www.fsrs.gov on all subawards over $25,000. See the NIH Grants Policy Statement for additional information on this reporting requirement.

In accordance with the regulatory requirements provided at 45 CFR 75.113 and Appendix XII to 45 CFR Part 75, recipients that have currently active Federal grants, cooperative agreements, and procurement contracts from all Federal awarding agencies with a cumulative total value greater than $10,000,000 for any period of time during the period of performance of a Federal award, must report and maintain the currency of information reported in the System for Award Management (SAM) about civil, criminal, and administrative proceedings in connection with the award or performance of a Federal award that reached final disposition within the most recent five-year period. The recipient must also make semiannual disclosures regarding such proceedings. Proceedings information will be made publicly available in the designated integrity and performance system (currently FAPIIS). This is a statutory requirement under section 872 of Public Law 110-417, as amended (41 U.S.C. 2313). As required by section 3010 of Public Law 111-212, all information posted in the designated integrity and performance system on or after April 15, 2011, except past performance reviews required for Federal procurement contracts, will be publicly available. Full reporting requirements and procedures are found in Appendix XII to 45 CFR Part 75 Award Term and Conditions for Recipient Integrity and Performance Matters.

We encourage inquiries concerning this funding opportunity and welcome the opportunity to answer questions from potential applicants.

eRA Service Desk (Questions regarding ASSIST, eRA Commons registration, submitting and tracking an application, documenting system problems that threaten submission by the due date, post submission issues)
Finding Help Online: https://grants.nih.gov/support/ (preferred method of contact)
Telephone: 301-402-7469 or 866-504-9552 (Toll Free)

Grants.gov Customer Support (Questions regarding Grants.gov registration and submission, downloading forms and application packages)
Contact Center Telephone: 800-518-4726

Email: support@grants.gov

GrantsInfo (Questions regarding application instructions and process, finding NIH grant resources)
Email: GrantsInfo@nih.gov (preferred method of contact)
Telephone: 301-945-7573

Will M. Aklin, Ph.D.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Telephone: 301-443-3207
Email: aklinwm@mail.nih.gov

Glen Morgan, Ph.D.
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Telephone: 240-276-6787
Email: glen.morgan@nih.gov

Brett Hagman, Ph.D.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
Telephone: 301-443-0638
Email: brett.hagman@mail.nih.gov

Weijia Ni, Ph.D.
Center for Scientific Review (CSR)
Telephone: 301.594.3292
Email: niw@csr.nih.gov

Ericka Wells
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Telephone: 410-254-1853
Email: wellse2@nida.nih.gov

Jacquelyn Boudjeda
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Telephone: 240-276-6312
Email: Boudjedaj@mail.nih.gov

Judy Fox
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
Telephone: 301-443-4704
Email: jfox@mail.nih.gov

Recently issued trans-NIH policy notices may affect your application submission. A full list of policy notices published by NIH is provided in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts. All awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.

Awards are made under the authorization of Sections 301 and 405 of the Public Health Service Act as amended (42 USC 241 and 284) and under Federal Regulations 42 CFR Part 52 and 45 CFR Part 75.