EXPIRED
Participating Organization(s) |
National Institutes of Health (NIH) |
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) |
|
Funding Opportunity Title |
Effects of Adolescent Binge Drinking on Brain Development (R21) |
Activity Code |
R21 Exploratory/Developmental Research Grant Award |
Announcement Type |
New |
Related Notices
|
|
Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) Number |
PA-12-028 |
Companion FOA |
|
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number(s) |
93.273 |
FOA Purpose |
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), issued by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), encourages Exploratory/Developmental Research Grant (R21) applications proposing to conduct mechanistic studies on the effects of adolescent binge alcohol consumption on synaptic maturation and myelin formation in the developing brain. |
Posted Date |
November 18, 2011 |
Open Date (Earliest Submission Date) |
January 16, 2012 |
Letter of Intent Due Date |
Not Applicable |
Application Due Date(s) |
Standard dates apply, by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization. |
AIDS Application Due Date(s) |
Standard dates apply, by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization. |
Scientific Merit Review |
Standard dates apply |
Advisory Council Review |
Standard dates apply |
Earliest Start Date(s) |
Standard dates apply |
Expiration Date |
May 8, 2015 |
Due Dates for E.O. 12372 |
Not Applicable |
Required Application Instructions
It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide except where instructed to do otherwise (in this FOA or in a Notice from the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts). Conformance to all requirements (both in the Application Guide and the FOA) is required and strictly enforced. Applicants must read and follow all application instructions in the Application Guide as well as any program-specific instructions noted in Section IV. When the program-specific instructions deviate from those in the Application Guide, follow the program-specific instructions. Applications that do not comply with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.
Part 1. Overview Information
Part 2. Full Text of the Announcement
Section I. Funding Opportunity Description
Section II. Award Information
Section III. Eligibility Information
Section IV. Application and Submission
Information
Section V. Application Review Information
Section VI. Award Administration Information
Section VII. Agency Contacts
Section VIII. Other Information
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), issued by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), encourages Research Project Grant (R01) applications proposing to conduct mechanistic studies on the effects of adolescent binge alcohol consumption on synaptic maturation and myelin formation in the developing brain. Alcohol is by far the most widely used intoxicant among adolescents in the U.S. and the incidence of adolescent binge drinking is increasing. Critical developmental processes occurring in the adolescent brain may render it uniquely sensitive to the harmful effects of excessive alcohol consumption; however, the long-term consequences of adolescent binge drinking for maturation of brain structure and function remain poorly understood. Similarly, whether such changes might be permanent, reversible or amenable to treatment has yet to be determined. The objective of this FOA is to promote research in animal models on the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of excessive alcohol consumption on specific aspects of adolescent brain development. Studies examining the trajectory of ethanol-related effects from adolescence through adulthood are particularly encouraged.
Related Funding Opportunity: Investigators who are interested in proposing exploratory and developmental research projects, should submit applications in response to the partner FOA of identical scientific scope (PA-12-027), which uses the NIH R01 Research Project Grant mechanism.
Alcohol is by far the most widely used intoxicant among adolescents in the U.S., with 17% of eighth graders, 34% of tenth graders and 45% of twelfth graders reporting ethanol use in the past month. Furthermore, the incidence of adolescent binge drinking is increasing, with 30% of high school seniors reporting binge levels of alcohol consumption in the past month. Heightened sensitivity of adolescents to the rewarding aspects of alcohol and diminished sensitivity to the aversive effects reinforces this trend. Early development of the limbic system and associated regions governing motivated behavior likely increases the vulnerability of adolescents to impulsive and sensation-seeking behaviors, including binge drinking. The later development of the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) promotes regulatory and executive functions and may decrease tendencies to engage in impulsive behaviors. Attenuated frontal cortical development and function may be among the long-term neurocognitive consequences of adolescent alcohol abuse and could act as determinants of continuing patterns of excessive alcohol consumption.
Adolescent binge drinking raises concern because it can lead to increased delinquency, aggression, risky sexual behaviors, hazardous driving, and comorbid substance use. Additionally, adolescent binge drinking has been shown to result in deficits in neurocognitive functioning, visuospatial functioning, and learning and retrieval of verbal and nonverbal information. Furthermore, developmental processes occurring in the adolescent brain may increase its vulnerability to the long-term health consequences of excessive alcohol consumption. These processes include decreases in grey matter volume, thought to reflect pruning and refinement of synaptic connections during adolescence, and reciprocal increases in white matter volume, which likely indicate consolidation and increased myelination of fiber tracts. Both of these processes are essential for maturation of brain function and are likely to play critical roles in the acquisition of adult behaviors. Binge levels of alcohol consumption could delay or disrupt these critical developmental processes, with profound consequences for structural and functional aspects of the adult brain. However, despite these concerns, the long-term effects of adolescent binge drinking on gray and white matter development remain poorly understood. Similarly, whether such changes might be permanent, reversible or amenable to treatment has yet to be determined.
Synapse pruning is one of the critical aspects of adolescent brain maturation. Anatomical studies in monkeys have shown that synaptic density in the prefrontal cortex is relatively stable from early adolescence through puberty, with a subsequent slow but steady decline. Ultimately, about 40% of the peak number of synapses is eliminated. Several MRI analyses in humans have documented significant reductions in frontal cortical grey matter volume and cortical thickness during adolescence; a corresponding decrease in EEG power during this period suggests that the loss in gray matter may reflect the loss of synapses. However, this conclusion has been questioned and histological analyses are likely necessary to identify the precise cellular and developmental processes which are reflected by decreases in gray matter volume. Cortical synapse maturation during adolescence can also involve changes in synaptic protein expression, as proteomic analysis in the rat shows that the nature of synaptic proteins in the PFC changes dramatically between adolescence and adulthood, with early expression of plasma membrane proteins and a later increase in the expression of proteins related to the exocytotic machinery. These changes in protein expression during adolescence are more prominent in the PFC than in the motor cortex. Although there does not appear to be a significant change in the number of synapses in the rat brain during adolescence, there are decreases in the numbers of neurons in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial prefrontal cortex in this species.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging is a modification of MRI that permits analyses of structural aspects of white matter in the brain and has been used extensively to assess changes in both fiber tracts and subcortical white matter during adolescence. Results of these studies indicate that there are significant alterations in the properties of many fiber tracts during adolescence, with those associated with frontal and temporal lobes appearing to mature relatively later. Maturation of white matter is correlated with acquisition of complex tasks like attention, learning and recall. Although the DTI imaging studies provide strong indications that both fiber tracts and total volumes of subcortical white matter are changing during adolescence, the precise cellular and molecular nature of these changes have not been determined and the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. MRI studies show reductions in the size of the PFC in adolescent alcohol abusers due to a decrease in white matter in this region; other brain areas do not appear to be affected to the same extent. However, it has not been determined if there is a critical period for these effects of ethanol on PFC development or whether these changes might be reversible during abstinence.
Several neurotransmitter systems in the PFC undergo dynamic alterations during adolescence. For example, the density of dopaminergic inputs to the PFC increases, accompanied by changes in the levels of several dopamine receptor subtypes. Modulation of dopaminergic function in the PFC may have unique influences on reward sensitivity in the adolescent. GABAergic inputs to the PFC from the amygdala also increase during adolescence and may be responsible for increases in PFC-mediated executive function during this period. In contrast, glutamatergic synapses in the PFC decrease during adolescence and there is a transient over expression of NMDA receptors followed by a decline. These results indicate that the activities of several neurotransmitter systems are in flux during adolescence and establishment of a balance among these systems is likely critical for function of the adult brain. Binge drinking may disrupt this balance but the precise outcomes and mechanisms involved have not been determined.
Several recent studies have revealed that astrocytes may play prominent roles in neurodevelopment. These cells have traditionally been thought to play somewhat passive roles in the nervous system, such as maintaining homeostasis by removing excess extracellular potassium and glutamate. However, recent investigations have shown that astrocytes ensheath synapses and can modulate synaptic structural and functional plasticity by releasing a variety of neuroactive molecules. Astrocytes may also modulate neuronal function and synaptogenesis via direct contact, possibly involving cell adhesion molecules. As a single astrocyte may interact with as many as 100,000 synapses, this influence could be widespread. Astrocytes also appear to play significant roles in the establishment of synapses in the developing nervous system via released factors for example, astrocyte-derived thrombospondin promotes synaptogenesis by retinal ganglion cells and additional secreted molecules appear to regulate later aspects of synaptic maturation, including membrane insertion of receptors. Furthermore, astrocytes also appear to be involved in synapse elimination; in the developing visual system this occurs via stimulation of neuronal expression of complement factor C1Q, which may ultimately result in phagocytosis of excess synapses. Finally, recent studies suggest that astrocytes may facilitate myelination by promoting oligodendrocyte maturation and increasing myelin wrapping . The astrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction involves both secreted growth factors (e.g. TIMP-1) and cell-cell contact, mediated by adhesion molecules and gap junctions. Taken together, these results suggest that astrocytes are involved in synapse maturation, elimination and myelination and could therefore play important roles in adolescent brain development.
Thus the available evidence suggests that several developmental processes are occurring in the brain during adolescence, and the sensitivity of these processes to alcohol may be responsible for some of the long-term consequences of adolescent binge drinking. Previous studies have suggested some of the mechanisms involved, but the pr cised effects of excessive alcohol consumption during adolescence on synapse refinement and white matter maturation remain incompletely understood. Research that addresses these issues, particularly in animal models amenable to genetic and/or mechanistic analyses is therefore solicited. As adolescence is a transitional period, investigators are encouraged to incorporate a longitudinal approach, as restricting studies to a small number of time points may not permit an accurate assessment of the extent, trajectory or potential reversibility of the changes being monitored.
Appropriate topics include but are not limited to:
Anatomical and/or functional studies on cortical synapse pruning or refinement in models of adolescent binge drinking
Proteomic analyses of the effects of adolescent binge drinking on brain synapse maturation, particularly in the frontal cortex
Analyses of cortical neuronal loss during adolescence and the effects of excessive alcohol consumption on this process
Investigations of the effects of excessive alcohol consumption on maturation of brain fiber tracts, myelination, axon fasciculation, or consolidation of sub-cortical white matter
Analysis of the effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on expression of neurotransmitters and their receptors in the PFC and characterization of the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms
Characterization of potential thresholds for dose and/or duration of ethanol exposure for effects on adolescent brain development and determination of possible critical periods for these effects
Studies on the effects of adolescent binge drinking on modulation of synapse pruning and elimination by astrocytes.
Investigations on the influence of adolescent alcohol consumption on astrocyte-mediated myelin formation and maturation
The evolution and vitality of the biomedical sciences require a constant infusion of new ideas, techniques, and points of view. These may differ substantially from current thinking or practice and may not yet be supported by substantial preliminary data. By using the R21 mechanism, the NIH seeks to foster the introduction of novel scientific ideas, model systems, tools, agents, targets, and technologies that have the potential to substantially advance biomedical research.
Funding Instrument |
Grant |
Application Types Allowed |
New The OER Glossary and the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide provide details on these application types. |
Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards |
The number of awards is contingent upon NIH appropriations, and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. |
Award Budget |
Application budget is limited to a total of $275,000 for the entire project. No more than $200,000 may be requested in any single year.. |
Award Project Period |
The maximum period for R21 projects is two years. |
NIH grants policies as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement will apply to the applications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA.
Higher Education Institutions
The following types of Higher Education Institutions are always encouraged to apply for NIH support as Public or Private Institutions of Higher Education:
Nonprofits Other Than Institutions of Higher Education
For-Profit Organizations
Governments
Other
Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entities (Foreign Institutions) are eligible to apply.
Non-domestic (non-U.S.) components of U.S. Organizations are eligible to apply.
Foreign components, as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, are allowed.
Applicant organizations must complete the following registrations
as described in the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide to be eligible to apply
for or receive an award. Applicants must have a valid Dun and Bradstreet
Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number in order to begin each of the following
registrations.
All Program Director(s)/Principal Investigator(s) (PD(s)/PI(s))
must also work with their institutional officials to register with the eRA
Commons or ensure their existing eRA Commons account is affiliated with the eRA
Commons account of the applicant organization.
All registrations must be completed by the application due date. Applicant
organizations are strongly encouraged to start the registration process at
least four (4) weeks prior to the application due date.
Any individual(s) with the skills, knowledge, and resources
necessary to carry out the proposed research as the Program Director(s)/Principal
Investigator(s) (PD(s)/PI(s)) is invited to work with his/her organization to
develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial
and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always
encouraged to apply for NIH support.
For institutions/organizations proposing multiple PD(s)/PI(s), visit the Multiple
Program Director(s)/Principal Investigator(s) Policy and submission details in
the Senior/Key Person Profile (Expanded) Component of the SF 424 (R&R)
Application Guide.
This FOA does not require cost sharing as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
Applicant organizations may submit more than one application, provided that each application is scientifically distinct.
NIH will not accept any application in response to this FOA that is essentially the same as one currently pending initial peer review unless the applicant withdraws the pending application. NIH will not accept any application that is essentially the same as one already reviewed. Resubmission applications may be submitted, according to the NIH Policy on Resubmission Applications from the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Applicants must download the SF424 (R&R) application package associated with this funding opportunity using the Apply for Grant Electronically button in this FOA or following the directions provided at Grants.gov.
It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, except where instructed in this funding opportunity announcement to do otherwise. Conformance to the requirements in the Application Guide is required and strictly enforced. Applications that are out of compliance with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.
For information on Application Submission and Receipt, visit Frequently Asked Questions Application Guide, Electronic Submission of Grant Applications.
The forms package associated with this FOA includes all applicable components, mandatory and optional. Please note that some components marked optional in the application package are required for submission of applications for this FOA. Follow all instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide to ensure you complete all appropriate optional components.
All page limitations described in the SF424 Application Guide and the Table of Page Limits must be followed.
All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed, with the following additional instructions:
Resource Sharing Plan
Individuals are required to comply with the instructions for the Resource Sharing Plans (Data Sharing Plan, Sharing Model Organisms, and Genome Wide Association Studies; GWAS) as provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Appendix
Do not use the appendix to circumvent page limits. Follow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Foreign (non-US) institutions must follow policies described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, and procedures for foreign institutions described throughout the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Part I. Overview Information contains information about Key Dates. Applicants are encouraged to submit in advance of the deadline to ensure they have time to make any application corrections that might be necessary for successful submission.
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Information on the submission process and a definition of on-time submission are provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
This initiative is not subject to intergovernmental review.
All NIH awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
Pre-award costs are allowable only as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
Applications must be submitted electronically following the instructions described in the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide. Paper applications will not be accepted.
Applicants must complete all required registrations before the application due date. Section III. Eligibility Information contains information about registration.
For assistance with your electronic application or for more information on the electronic submission process, visit Applying Electronically.
Important
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Credential field of the Senior/Key Person Profile Component of the SF
424(R&R) Application Package. Failure to register in the Commons and
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The applicant organization must ensure that the DUNS number it provides on the
application is the same number used in the organization’s profile in the eRA
Commons and for the Central Contractor Registration (CCR). Additional
information may be found in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
See more
tips for avoiding common errors.
Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness by the Center for Scientific Review, NIH. Applications that are incomplete will not be reviewed.
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Only the review criteria described below will be considered in the review process. As part of the NIH mission, all applications submitted to the NIH in support of biomedical and behavioral research are evaluated for scientific and technical merit through the NIH peer review system.
For this particular announcement, note the following:
The R21 exploratory/developmental grant supports investigation of novel scientific ideas or new model systems, tools, or technologies that have the potential for significant impact on biomedical or biobehavioral research. An R21 grant application need not have extensive background material or preliminary information. Accordingly, reviewers will focus their evaluation on the conceptual framework, the level of innovation, and the potential to significantly advance our knowledge or understanding. Appropriate justification for the proposed work can be provided through literature citations, data from other sources, or, when available, from investigator-generated data. Preliminary data are not required for R21 applications; however, they may be included if available.
Reviewers will provide an overall impact/priority score to reflect their assessment of the likelihood for the project to exert a sustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in consideration of the following review criteria and additional review criteria (as applicable for the project proposed).
Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria below in the determination of scientific merit, and give a separate score for each. An application does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a project that by its nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field.
Significance
Does the project address an important problem or a critical barrier to progress in the field? If the aims of the project are achieved, how will scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice be improved? How will successful completion of the aims change the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field?
Investigator(s)
Are the PD(s)/PI(s), collaborators, and other researchers well suited to the project? If Early Stage Investigators or New Investigators, or in the early stages of independent careers, do they have appropriate experience and training? If established, have they demonstrated an ongoing record of accomplishments that have advanced their field(s)? If the project is collaborative or multi-PD(s)/PI(s), do the investigators have complementary and integrated expertise; are their leadership approach, governance and organizational structure appropriate for the project?
Innovation
Does the application challenge and seek to shift current research or clinical practice paradigms by utilizing novel theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions? Are the concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions novel to one field of research or novel in a broad sense? Is a refinement, improvement, or new application of theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions proposed?
Approach
Are the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses
well-reasoned and appropriate to accomplish the specific aims of the project?
Are potential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success
presented? If the project is in the early stages of development, will the
strategy establish feasibility and will particularly risky aspects be
managed?
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human subjects from research risks, and 2) inclusion of minorities and members
of both sexes/genders, as well as the inclusion of children, justified in terms
of the scientific goals and research strategy proposed?
Environment
Will the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Are the institutional support, equipment and other physical resources available to the investigators adequate for the project proposed? Will the project benefit from unique features of the scientific environment, subject populations, or collaborative arrangements?
As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will evaluate the following additional items while determining scientific and technical merit, and in providing an overall impact/priority score, but will not give separate scores for these items.
Protections for Human Subjects
For research that involves human subjects but does
not involve one of the six categories of research that are exempt under 45 CFR
Part 46, the committee will evaluate the justification for involvement of human
subjects and the proposed protections from research risk relating to their
participation according to the following five review criteria: 1) risk to
subjects, 2) adequacy of protection against risks, 3) potential benefits to the
subjects and others, 4) importance of the knowledge to be gained, and 5) data
and safety monitoring for clinical trials.
For research that involves human subjects and meets the criteria for one or
more of the six categories of research that are exempt under 45 CFR Part 46,
the committee will evaluate: 1) the justification for the exemption, 2) human
subjects involvement and characteristics, and 3) sources of materials. For
additional information on review of the Human Subjects section, please refer to
the Human
Subjects Protection and Inclusion Guidelines.
Inclusion of Women, Minorities, and Children
When the proposed project involves clinical research, the committee will evaluate the proposed plans for inclusion of minorities and members of both genders, as well as the inclusion of children. For additional information on review of the Inclusion section, please refer to the Human Subjects Protection and Inclusion Guidelines.
Vertebrate Animals
The committee will evaluate the involvement of live vertebrate animals as part of the scientific assessment according to the following five points: 1) proposed use of the animals, and species, strains, ages, sex, and numbers to be used; 2) justifications for the use of animals and for the appropriateness of the species and numbers proposed; 3) adequacy of veterinary care; 4) procedures for limiting discomfort, distress, pain and injury to that which is unavoidable in the conduct of scientifically sound research including the use of analgesic, anesthetic, and tranquilizing drugs and/or comfortable restraining devices; and 5) methods of euthanasia and reason for selection if not consistent with the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia. For additional information on review of the Vertebrate Animals section, please refer to the Worksheet for Review of the Vertebrate Animal Section.
Biohazards
Reviewers will assess whether materials or procedures proposed are potentially hazardous to research personnel and/or the environment, and if needed, determine whether adequate protection is proposed.
Resubmissions
For Resubmissions, the committee will evaluate the application as now presented, taking into consideration the responses to comments from the previous scientific review group and changes made to the project.
Renewals
Not Applicable
Revisions
Not Applicable
As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will consider each of the following items, but will not give scores for these items, and should not consider them in providing an overall impact/priority score.
Applications from Foreign Organizations
Reviewers will assess whether the project presents special opportunities for furthering research programs through the use of unusual talent, resources, populations, or environmental conditions that exist in other countries and either are not readily available in the United States or augment existing U.S. resources.
Select Agent Research
Reviewers will assess the information provided in this section of the application, including 1) the Select Agent(s) to be used in the proposed research, 2) the registration status of all entities where Select Agent(s) will be used, 3) the procedures that will be used to monitor possession use and transfer of Select Agent(s), and 4) plans for appropriate biosafety, biocontainment, and security of the Select Agent(s).
Resource Sharing Plans
Reviewers will comment on whether the following Resource Sharing Plans, or the rationale for not sharing the following types of resources, are reasonable: 1) Data Sharing Plan; 2) Sharing Model Organisms; and 3) Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS).
Budget and Period of Support
Reviewers will consider whether the budget and the requested period of support are fully justified and reasonable in relation to the proposed research.
Applications will be evaluated for scientific and technical
merit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group(s), in accordance with NIH peer
review policy and procedures, using the stated review
criteria. Review assignments will be shown in the eRA Commons.
As part of the scientific peer review, all applications:
Applications will be assigned on the basis of established PHS referral guidelines to the appropriate NIH Institute or Center. Applications will compete for available funds with all other recommended applications . Following initial peer review, recommended applications will receive a second level of review by the appropriate national Advisory Council. The following will be considered in making funding decisions:
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Information regarding the disposition of applications is available in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
If the application is under consideration for funding, NIH
will request "just-in-time" information from the applicant as
described in the NIH
Grants Policy Statement.
A formal notification in the form of a Notice of Award (NoA) will be provided
to the applicant organization for successful applications. The NoA signed by
the grants management officer is the authorizing document and will be sent via
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Any application awarded in response to this FOA will be subject to the DUNS,
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